Archive for Mei 2016
My English Assigments Part 2
By : dini safitri
A.
DEGREES
OF COMPARISON
Degrees of Comparison are used when we compare one person or one thing with another.
There are three Degrees of Comparison in English.
They are:
1. Positive degree.
2. Comparative degree.
3. Superlative degree.
Let us see all of them one by one.
1.Positive degree.
When we speak about only one person or thing, We use the Positive degree.
Examples:
• This house is big.
In this sentence only one noun “The house" is talked about.
• He is a tall student.
• This flower is beautiful.
• He is an intelligent boy.
Each sentence mentioned above talks about only one noun.
2.Comparative degree.
When we compare two persons or two things with each other,
We use both the Positive degree and Comparative degree.
Examples:
a. This house is bigger than that one. (Comparative degree)
This house is not as big as that one. (Positive degree)
The term “bigger" is comparative version of the term “big".
Both these sentences convey the same meaning.
When we compare two persons or two things with each other,
We use both the Positive degree and Comparative degree.
Examples:
a. This house is bigger than that one. (Comparative degree)
This house is not as big as that one. (Positive degree)
The term “bigger" is comparative version of the term “big".
Both these sentences convey the same meaning.
b. This flower is more beautiful than that.
(Comparative)
This flower is not as beautiful as that. (Positive)
The term “more beautiful" is comparative version of the term “beautiful".
Both these sentences convey the same meaning.
This flower is not as beautiful as that. (Positive)
The term “more beautiful" is comparative version of the term “beautiful".
Both these sentences convey the same meaning.
c. He is more intelligent than this boy.
(Comparative)
He is not as intelligent as this boy. (Positive)
He is not as intelligent as this boy. (Positive)
The term “more intelligent" is comparative
version of the term “intelligent".
Both these sentences convey the same meaning.
Both these sentences convey the same meaning.
d. He is taller than Mr. Hulas. (Comparative)
He is not as tall as Mr. Hulas. (Positive)
He is not as tall as Mr. Hulas. (Positive)
The term “taller" is comparative version of the
term “tall".
Both these sentences convey the same meaning.
Both these sentences convey the same meaning.
When we compare more than two persons or things with
one another,
We use all the three Positive, Comparative and Superlative degrees.
Examples:
We use all the three Positive, Comparative and Superlative degrees.
Examples:
a. This is the biggest house in this street.
(Superlative)
This house is bigger than any other house in this street. (Comparative)
No other house in this street is as big as this one. (Positive)
This house is bigger than any other house in this street. (Comparative)
No other house in this street is as big as this one. (Positive)
The term “biggest" is the superlative version
of the term “big".
All the three sentences mean the same meaning.
All the three sentences mean the same meaning.
b. This flower is the most beautiful one in this
garden. (Superlative)
This flower is more beautiful than any other flower in this garden. (Comparative)
No other flower in this garden is as beautiful as this one. (Comparative)
This flower is more beautiful than any other flower in this garden. (Comparative)
No other flower in this garden is as beautiful as this one. (Comparative)
The term “most beautiful" is the superlative
version of the term “beautiful".
All the three sentences mean the same meaning.
c. He is the most intelligent in this class. (Superlative)
He is more intelligent than other boys in the class. (Comparative)
No other boy is as intelligent as this boy. (Positive)
All the three sentences mean the same meaning.
c. He is the most intelligent in this class. (Superlative)
He is more intelligent than other boys in the class. (Comparative)
No other boy is as intelligent as this boy. (Positive)
The term “most intelligent" is superlative
version of the term “intelligent".
Both these sentences convey the same meaning.
Both these sentences convey the same meaning.
d. He is the tallest student in this class.
(Superlative)
He is taller than other students in this class. (Comparative)
No other student is as tall as this student. (Positive)
He is taller than other students in this class. (Comparative)
No other student is as tall as this student. (Positive)
The term “tallest" is superlative version of
the term “tall".
He is the tallest student in the class.
The term “tallest" is an adjective.
Among the members of the group, Mr. Clinton speaks most effectively.
The term “tallest" is an adjective.
Among the members of the group, Mr. Clinton speaks most effectively.
The term “effectively" is an adverb.
B. QUESTION WORDS
The most common question
words in English are the following:
WHO
WHO is only used when referring to people. (=
I want to know the person)
- Who is the best football player
in the world?
- Who are your best friends?
- Who is that strange guy over
there?
WHERE
WHERE is used when referring to a place or
location. (= I want to know the place)
- Where is the library?
- Where do you live?
- Where are my shoes?
WHEN
WHEN is used to refer to a time or an occasion.
(= I want to know the time)
- When do the shops open?
- When is his birthday?
- When are we going to finish?
WHY
WHY is used to obtain an explanation or a
reason. (= I want to know the reason)
- Why do we need a nanny?
- Why are they always late?
- Why does he complain all the
time?
Normally the response
begins with "Because..."
WHAT
WHAT is used to refer to specific information.
(= I want to know the thing)
- What is your name?
- What is her favourite colour?
- What is the time?
WHICH
WHICH is used when a choice needs to be made. (=
I want to know the thing between alternatives)
- Which drink did you order – the
rum or the beer?
- Which day do you prefer for a
meeting – today or tomorrow?
- Which is better - this one or
that one?
HOW
HOW is used to describe the manner that
something is done. (= I want to know the way)
- How do you cook paella?
- How does he know the answer?
- How can I learn English
quickly?
With HOW there
are a number of other expressions that are used in questions:
How much – refers to a quantity or a price
(uncountable nouns)
- How much time do you have to
finish the test?
- How much is the jacket on
display in the window?
- How much money will I need?
How many – refers to a quantity (countable nouns)
- How many days are there in
April?
- How many people live in this
city?
- How many brothers and sister do
you have?
Read more about How much vs. How many.
How often – refers to frequency
- How often do you visit your
grandmother?
- How often does she study?
- How often are you sick?
How far – refers to distance
- How far is the university from
your house?
- How far is the bus stop from
here?
C.
PASSIVE
AND ACTIVE VOICES
he passive voice is
especially helpful (and even regarded as mandatory) in scientific or technical
writing or lab reports, where the actor is not really important but the process
or principle being described is of ultimate importance. Instead of writing "I
poured 20 cc of acid into the beaker," we would write "Twenty cc of
acid is/was poured into the beaker." The passive voice is also
useful when describing, say, a mechanical process in which the details of
process are much more important than anyone's taking responsibility for the
action: "The first coat of primer paint is applied immediately
after the acid rinse."
We use the passive voice to good effect in a
paragraph in which we wish to shift emphasis from what was the object in
a first sentence to what becomes the subject in subsequent sentences.
The executive committee approved an entirely new policy for
dealing with academic suspension and withdrawal. The policy had been
written by a subcommittee on student behavior. If students withdraw from
course work before suspension can take effect, the policy states, a mark of
"IW" . . . .
The paragraph is clearly about this new policy so it
is appropriate that policy move from being the object in the first
sentence to being the subject of the second sentence. The passive voice allows
for this transition.†
PASSIVE
VERB FORMATION
The passive forms of a
verb are created by combining a form of the "to be verb" with the past
participle of the main verb. Other helping verbs are also sometimes present:
"The measure could have been killed in committee." The
passive can be used, also, in various tenses. Let's take a look at the passive
forms of "design."
|
Tense
|
Subject
|
Auxiliary
|
Past
Participle |
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
|||
|
Present
|
The car/cars
|
is
|
are
|
designed.
|
|
Present perfect
|
The car/cars
|
has been
|
have been
|
designed.
|
|
Past
|
The car/cars
|
was
|
were
|
designed.
|
|
Past perfect
|
The car/cars
|
had been
|
had been
|
designed.
|
|
Future
|
The car/cars
|
will be
|
will be
|
designed.
|
|
Future perfect
|
The car/cars
|
will have been
|
will have been
|
designed.
|
|
Present progressive
|
The car/cars
|
is being
|
are being
|
designed.
|
|
Past progressive
|
The car/cars
|
was being
|
were being
|
designed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A sentence cast in the passive voice will not always
include an agent of the action. For instance if a
gorilla crushes a tin can, we could say "The tin can was crushed by
the gorilla." But a perfectly good sentence would leave out the gorilla:
"The tin can was crushed." Also, when an active sentence with an
indirect object is recast in the passive, the indirect object can take on the
role of subject in the passive sentence:
|
Active
|
Professor Villa gave Jorge an A.
|
|
Passive
|
An A was given to Jorge by
Professor Villa.
|
|
Passive
|
Jorge was given an A.
|
Only transitive verbs (those that take objects) can
be transformed into passive constructions. Furthermore, active sentences
containing certain verbs cannot be transformed into passive structures. To
have is the most important of these verbs. We can say "He has a new
car," but we cannot say "A new car is had by him." We can say
"Josefina lacked finesse," but we cannot say "Finesse was
lacked." Here is a brief list of such verbs*:
|
resemble
|
look like
|
equal
|
agree with
|
|
mean
|
contain
|
hold
|
comprise
|
|
lack
|
suit
|
fit
|
become
|
VERBALS IN PASSIVE STRUCTURES
Verbals or verb forms can also take on
features of the passive voice. An infinitive phrase in the passive voice,
for instance, can perform various functions within a sentence (just like the
active forms of the infinitive).
Subject: To be elected by my peers is a
great honor.
Object: That child really likes to be read to by
her mother.
Modifier: Grasso was the first woman to be
elected governor in her own right.
The same is true of passive gerunds.
Subject: Being elected by my peers was a
great thrill.
Object: I really don't like being lectured to by
my boss.
Object of preposition: I am so tired of being
lectured to by my boss.
With passive participles, part of the passive
construction is often omitted, the result being a simple modifying participial phrase.
[Having been] designed for off-road performance, the
Pathseeker does not always behave well on paved highways.
D.
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES / IF-CLAUSES TYPE I, II UND III
Conditional
Sentences are also known as Conditional Clauses or If Clauses. They are used to
express that the action in the main clause (without if) can only
take place if a certain condition (in the clause with if) is
fulfilled. There are three types of Conditional Sentences.
CONDITIONAL
SENTENCE TYPE 1
→ It is
possible and also very
likely that
the condition will be fulfilled.
Example: If I find her address, I’ll send her an
invitation.
CONDITIONAL
SENTENCE TYPE 2
→ It is
possible but very
unlikely, that the condition will be fulfilled.
Example: If I found her address, I would send her
an invitation.
CONDITIONAL
SENTENCE TYPE 3
→ It is impossible that the
condition will be fulfilled because it refers to the past.
Example: If I had found her address, I would have
sent her an invitation.
E.
DEFINITION OF AN ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
In order to
understand an adjective clause, let's define the two words individually. An adjective is a word that describes or modifies a
noun. A clause is a group of words that has both a
subject and a verb. If the clause expresses a complete thought, then it is a
complete sentence. If it doesn't, it is what we call a dependent
clause, as it depends on the main clause of the sentence to form a complete
thought. An adjective
clause, then, is a group of words that has both a subject and a verb that
modifies a noun in a sentence. Adjective clauses are dependent clauses.
Relative
Pronouns
Adjective clauses begin with the
'signal words' or 'relative pronouns'. Here is a list of the
most-used relative pronouns:
- which
- who
- whoever
- whomever
- that
- whose
It is important to recognize relative
pronouns because they signal the beginning of adjective clauses in sentences.
They also act as the actual subjects and sometimes the objects in the adjective
clauses.
EXCEPTIONS TO THE RULE
When we see a
relative pronoun in a sentence, we know that this is most likely the beginning
of an adjective clause. Keep in mind that as with other grammar rules in the
English language, there are often exceptions. Here is an example:
Who
is the author of the book?
The word 'who' is the subject of this
sentence; it does not signal the beginning of an adjective clause.
However, the word 'who' does signal
the beginning of an adjective clause in the following sentence:
Mrs.
Jones, who faints easily, saw the wild mouse and screamed.
The clause 'who faints easily' is an
adjective clause that modifies the proper noun 'Mrs. Jones.'
How Adjective Clauses Function
Now that we have that cleared up,
let's move on to see some examples of how adjective clauses work in sentences.
See if you can identify the adjective clauses in the following three sentences:
1. Pamela is the girl who won the surfing contest.
2. The black car that ran the red light got in an accident.
3. People are sometimes superstitious about black cats which are common symbols of Halloween.
2. The black car that ran the red light got in an accident.
3. People are sometimes superstitious about black cats which are common symbols of Halloween.
SOURCE :
https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/conditional-sentences
http://study.com/academy/lesson/adjective-clause-definition-examples-quiz.html
http://www.grammar.cl/Notes/Question_Words.htm
http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/passive.htm
